ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT

The definition of the word Management

 1. Definition of Management According to James A.F. Stoner Management is a process of planning, organizing, leadership, and control the efforts of the members of the organization and the use of existing resources all the organization to achieve organizational goals previously set.

 2. Definition of Management According to Mary Parker Follett Management is an art, because to do a job with someone else special skills needed. Factors or Environmental Elements that Affect the Business or General Business I. World Business or General Business Indirectly In the business world there are many things that affect the sustainability of the business in a particular area. Variables below indirectly have an effect on a company.

Every company has a resistance or durability of each of every factor is different. Environmental factors affecting the business indirectly is out of the internal and external elements that have been described in another part article. Taken together with the internal and external environmental factors affect the business world.

1. Social Variables - Demographic factors / demographic: as the number, composition, and growth of the population of a region or area. - Lifestyle factors: the tastes, trends that are loved, and so forth. - Factors of social value: the customs, norms, habits, and others. 2. Economic Variables Closely related to the general economic indicators to measure the savings, investment, productivity, employment, government activities, international trade transactions, income, national product, and so forth.


 3. Political Variables Factors associated with the condition or the political climate in the region. 4. Variable Technology Advances in technology are changing over time, sometimes very quickly greatly affect the business world. Companies are static and do not follow the technological developments tend to lag behind the company continuously adapting the technology to make operations need to be more effective and efficient. II. World Business or General Business Direct In the business world there are two

(2) interested parties (stakeholders) that directly, ie, external stakeholders (external) and internal stakeholders (the inside): A. Internal party World Business 1. Employee By having a human resource or a good tablespoon will help the business to move forward.


2. Shareholders and Board of Directors Are two important parts which regulate the activity or the course of a public company in which the shareholders have the possibility to influence the voting rights of a company owned in accordance with the percentage of shares owned. B. External Parties Business World


1. Customer / Consumer Consumers can be split or divided into two, namely the individual or the individual consumer and the consumer agency / company / business. Consumers spend their money for goods or services owned by the company.


2. Supplier / Supplier / supplier Petrified companies to get input or input to output or processed into value-added output.


3. Government Institutions that make laws, policies and regulations that the economy of a country or region can go as planned. 4. Unions In connection with matters relating to workers as wages, working hours, facilities, working conditions, etc.

5. Competitors / Rival The stronger our competitors will reduce the turnover of the company, so it needs to continue to take the development and improvement to be able to dominate the market.


 6. Financial Institutions Examples such as banking, insurance, leasing or lease, and others that assist the company in managing its finances.


7. Consumer Council The institute will help consumers to fight for their rights. If there is a problem between the consumer and enterprise products, the consumer agency would help consumers.


8. Special Groups Examples such as social groups, a group of nature lovers, and others


9. Parties Other Stakeholders Noting institutions or other organizations associated with the business is run. If we go into the hospital business, then the doctors, paramedics, patients, and others must be considered. Kind and Type Manager or Management A. Based Level or Level In general, managers have the same responsibilities, ie planning, organizing, directing, controlling, and staffing but in terms of the level or levels of management can be divided into three / three kinds, namely:

1. Manager Peak / Top Manager Responsibilities of top managers is the overall performance and effectiveness of a company. Peak level managers to make policy decisions and strategies that apply in general to a company. Top managers also make relationships with other companies and the government.


 2. Manager Medium / Middle Manager Mid-level managers were among the top managers and first-line managers. The manager is in charge of implementing the strategy, policies and decisions made by top managers or top.

 3. First Line Manager / First-Line Manager Lower level is mostly manager oversight or supervision of employees and ensuring strategies, policies and decisions that have been taken by the top and middle managers have done well. First-line managers also have contributed and participated in the process of implementing a predetermined strategy.


 B. Based Attitude International Globalization Based on the attitudes and behavior of international managers can be divided into several types, namely: 1. Ethnocentric Manager / Manager ethnocentric Ethnocentric Manager is the manager's perception or the perception that culture and work behavior in the country of origin is much better than other places. An example is where foreign managers prefer to provide career opportunities to foreign workers only giving rise to discrimination.



 2. Polycentric Manager / Manager polycentric Polycentric Manager is the manager assume  that foreign workers and local workers have differences that are quite far and labor in the country more competitive and skill in the field. 3. Geocentric Manager / Manager geocentric Geocentric Manager has a notion is more realistic than the above two types of managers. Geocentric managers understand that there are advantages and disadvantages to the existing culture that needs to be made with combine cultural adjustments both to shape the culture of a new, more powerful and effective. Understanding Market and Factors of Production In terms of simple or narrow market is where the sale and purchase transactions (sales and purchases) are made by the seller and the buyer that occurred at the time and place certain.Definition broader market by WJ Stanton is the people who have the desire to make ends meet, money to spend and the willingness to spend it. In general, a transaction involving the sale and purchase of products / goods or services with money as a medium of payment transactions are legitimate and approved by both parties that transact.Activity factors of production is an activity to process, processing, and changing factors of production that are not / less benefit / use to have a more beneficial value. Factors of production are commonly used are labor, land, and capital. The scarcity of a factor of production will usually cause an increase in the input prices.